History of Indonesia : Balinese Dance

Balinese dance
Legong dancer. Balinese dances
incorporate eye and facial expressions.
Two Balinese dancers performing the
farewell scene dance drama.
Kecak dance performed by many male
dancers. legong dancers in Bali.
Ornaments used in Balinese dances.
Balinese dances are a very ancient dance
tradition that is a part of the religious and
artistic expression among the Balinese people ,
native to Bali island, Indonesia . Balinese dance
is dynamic, angular and intensely expressive.
The Balinese dancers express the story of
dance-drama through the whole bodily
gestures; fingers, hands and body gestures to
head and eyes movements.
There is a great richness of dance forms and
styles in Bali; and particularly notable are
those ritualistic dance dramas which involve
Rangda, the witch and the great beast Barong .
Most of dances in Bali are connected to Hindu
rituals, such as the Sanghyang Dedari sacred
dance than invoked hyang spirits that believed
to possess the dancers in trance state during
the performance. Other Balinese dances are
not linked to religious rituals and created for
certain purposes, such as Pendet welcoming
dance and Joged dance that is social dance
for entertainment purpose.
Significance
In Hinduism , dance is an accompaniment to
the perpetual dissolving and reforming of the
world. The creative and reproductive balance is
often personified as Shiva's wife, Durga ,
sometimes called Uma , Parvati , or Kali . This
has significance in Balinese Hinduism, since
the common figure of Rangda is similar in
many ways to Durga .
Variants
In Bali there are various categories of dance,
Including epic performances such as the
omnipresent Mahabharata and Ramayana .
Certain ceremonies at village temples feature a
special performance of a dance-drama, a
battle between the mythical characters
Rangda , the witch representing evil, and
Barong , the lion or dragon, representing good.
Among the dance traditions in Bali, the
following deserve special mention:
Barong
Legong
Kecak
Technique
Bali dancers learn the craft as children from
their mothers as soon as they are born, in the
womb they are played the Balinese music and
are taught to dance with their hands before
they can walk. Official training as a Bali dancer
starts as young as 7. In Balinese dance the
movement is closely associated with the
rhythms produced by the gamelan , a musical
ensemble specific to Java and Bali. Multiple
levels of articulations in the face, eyes, hands,
arms, hips, and feet are coordinated to reflect
layers of percussive sounds.
The number of codified hand positions and
gestures, the mudras , is higher in India
than in Java or Bali. It has been speculated
that they have been forgotten as the dance
was transmitted from India to Java.Hand
positions and gestures are nonetheless as
important in Javanese and Balinese dance as

1. in India. 

History of Indonesia : Batik

Batik (Javanese pronunciation: [ˈbateʔ] ;
Indonesian: [ˈbatɪk] ) is a technique of manual
wax-resist dyeing applied to whole cloth, or
cloth made using this technique. Batik is made
either by drawing dots and lines of the resist
with a spouted tool called a canting
(IPA: [ʈ͡ʂantiŋ] , also spelled tjanting), or by
printing the resist with a copper stamp called a
cap (IPA: [ʈ͡ʂap] , also spelled tjap). The applied
wax resists dyes and therefore allows the
artisan to color selectively by soaking the
cloth in one color, removing the wax with
boiling water, and repeating if multiple colors
are desired.
A tradition of making batik is found in various
countries, including Nigeria, China, India,
Malaysia, Philippines and Sri Lanka; the batik
of Indonesia, however, is the most well-known.
Indonesian batik made in the island of Java
has a long history of acculturation , with
diverse patterns influenced by a variety of
cultures, and is the most developed in terms of
pattern, technique, and the quality of
workmanship.On October 2009, UNESCO
designated Indonesian batik as a Masterpiece
of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity .
Etymology
The word batik is Javanese in origin. It may
either come from the Javanese word amba ('to
write') and titik ('dot'), or may derive from a
hypothetical Proto-Austronesian root *beCík
('to tattoo'). The word is first recorded in
English in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1880,
in which it is spelled battik. It is attested in
the Indonesian Archipelago during the Dutch
colonial period in various forms: mbatek ,

Indonesian Herritage : History Of Borobudur Temple

Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues each of which is seated inside a perforated stupa. It is the world’s largest Buddhist temple, as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
Built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple was designed in Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the Indonesian indigenous cult of ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana. The temple also demonstrates the influences of Gupta art that reflects India's influence on the region, yet there are enough indigenous scenes and elements incorporated to make Borobudur uniquely Indonesian.The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path around the monument and ascends to the top through three levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology: Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades. Borobudur has the largest and most complete ensemble of Buddhist reliefs in the world.^[4]
Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java and the Javanese conversion to Islam.Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.

Indonesia: Tips for Vacation in Indonesia

Have you finally decided to spend your vacation in Indonesia? Well rest assured it's a very beautiful country with a lot of interesting sites for you to come and enjoy. But when talking about Indonesia, you should know a few tips that can make your holiday more enjoyable.

Things you should take a bit more seriously:

1. Always prepare Indonesia's Rupiahs; You need them, because you are in Indonesia and no one here use Dollar. The problem is how are you going to get them? Search the internet for banks in Indonesia, most of them have exchange rate calculator or even affiliated with international bank so you can use your account here. Directly opposite Customs in Jakarta Airport, there are a few money changers, whose rate, though not the best around, is ok for your initial expenses, cabs, snacks, etc.  In Bali, there are money changers everywhere.
2. Have Indonesian Cell Phone number; You better have an Indonesian's cell phone numbers, it's cheaper. Or you can ask your provider for International Roaming facilities in Indonesia. Much more cost effective to get a sim card and use that whilst in Indonesia, International Roaming is very expensive.
3. Have someone to pick you up at the airport; This is when you can't get the first tips done. Ask your hotels or travel agent to pick you up at the airport. Especially when your destination is Jakarta. Certainly not necessary in Bali where taxis are cheap and easy.
4. Pick a city for your temporary home base; There are a lot of beautiful places in Indonesia, scattered in vast area & some islands. So choose the biggest city near your vacation destination so you won't miss any sites that eventually you wanted to see.

So there are a few tips when you decide to go to Indonesia. Hope you'll enjoy your holiday. Because Indonesia is so beautiful and full of interesting place for you to go.

Hindu - Buddhist Civilazation in Indonesia

Indonesia like much of Southeast Asia was influenced by Indian culture. From the second century, through the Indian Dynasties like the Pallava dynasty, Gupta Empire, Pala Empire and Chola Empire in the succeeding centuries up to the 12th century, Indian culture spread across all of Southeast Asia. 

1600-year-old stone inscription from the era of Purnawarman, king of Tarumanagara, founded in Tugu sub-district of Jakarta.

References to the Dvipantara or Yawadvipa, a Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra appear in Sanskrit writings from 200 BCE. In India's earliest epic, the Ramayana, Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.^[12] The earliest archeological relic discovered in Indonesia is from the Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, where an early Hindu statue of Ganesha estimated from the 1st century CE was found on the summit of Mount Raksa in Panaitan island. There is also archeological evidence of Sunda kingdom in West Java dating from the 2nd-century, and Jiwa Temple in Batujaya, Karawang, West Java was probably built around this time. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the south Indian Pallava dynasty in the 4th and 5th century. and by 5th century, stone inscriptions written in Pallava scripts were found in Java and Borneo.
A number of Hindu and Buddhist states flourished and then declined across Indonesia. Three rough plinths dating from the beginning of the 4th century are found in Kutai, East Kalimantan, near Mahakam River. The plinths bear an inscription in the Pallava script of India reading "A gift to the Brahmin priests".

8th century Borobudur buddhist monument, Sailendra dynasty

One such early kingdom was Tarumanagara, which flourished between 358 and 669 CE. Located in West Java close to modern-day Jakarta, its 5th century king, Purnawarman, established the earliest known inscriptions in Java, the Ciaruteun inscription located near Bogor. On this monument, King Purnavarman inscribed his name and made an imprint of his footprints, as well as his elephant's footprints. The accompanying inscription reads, "Here are the footprints of King Purnavarman, the heroic conqueror of the world". This inscription is written in Pallava script and in Sanskrit and is still clear after 1500 years. Purnawarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement purpose. In his stone inscriptions, Purnawarman associated himself with Vishnu, and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project.^[14]
Around the same period, in the 6th to 7th century, the Kalingga Kingdom was established in Central Java northern coast, mentioned in Chinese account. The name of this kingdom was derived from ancient Indian kingdom of Kaling, which suggest the ancient link between India and Indonesia.
The political history of Indonesian archipelago during the 7th to 11th centuries was dominated by Srivijaya based in Sumatra, also Sailendra that dominated central Java and constructed Borobudur, the largest Buddhist monument in the world. The history prior of the 14th and 15th centuries is not well known due to scarcity of evidence. Two major states dominated this period; Majapahit in East Java, the greatest of the pre-Islamic Indonesian states, and Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, arguably the greatest of the Muslim trading empires. 

History Of Indonesia

The history of Indonesia has been shaped by its geographic position, its natural resources, a series of human migrations and contacts, wars and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating a diversity of cultures, ethnicities, and languages. The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states. The boundaries of the state of Indonesia represent the twentieth century borders of the Dutch East Indies.
Fossilised remains of Homo erectus and his tools, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by at least 1.5 million years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE. From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished bringing Hindu and Buddhist influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties subsequently thrived and declined in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
Europeans arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power by 1610. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies under government control. By the early 20th century, Dutch dominance extended to the current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation in 1942-45 during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader, Sukarno, declared independence and became president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence.
An attempted coup in 1965 led to a violent army-led anti-communist purge in which over half a million people were killed. General Suharto politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and became president in March 1968. His New Order administration garnered the favour of the West whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian Financial Crisis which led to popular protests and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, the secession of East Timor, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.

Satellite imagery shows that since October 2013 China has undertaken substantial land reclamation, harbour redevelopment and other infrastructure construction on the island, which is known as Yongxing Dao by China and Phu Lam Island by Vietnam.

China has occupied Woody Island since capturing it from South Vietnam in the January 1974 Battle of the Paracel Islands. Since then, it has established a military garrison, coastal defensive positions, the runway, four large aircraft hangars, communications facilities, and a municipal headquarters. Vietnam claims the Paracels, as does Taiwan.


lokasi Woody Island/Yongxing Dao

Previous satellite imagery analysis by IHS Jane's shows that between 2005 and 2011 authorities constructed a new harbour on the west side of the island; since October 2013 a breakwater immediately south of that harbour has been removed and more dredging work has been carried out.

The land reclamation is occurring at two areas in particular: at either end of the island's 2,400 m-long runway, and to fill in the gap between Woody Island and the causeway to Shi Dao (Rocky Island): a small outcrop that is believed to house a secure communications facility.

The dredgers are depositing sand onto an area on the southwest end of the runway; spoil is also being deposited on the runway's northeast end. If all of this new land is used for the runway, then the strip will increase from 2,400 m to 2,700-2,800 m. This increases the safety envelope for PLA Air Force bombers like the H-6 and strategic transport aircraft such as the Ilyushin Il-76.

IHS Maritime has used AISLive data to identify one of the dredgers being used as Xin Hai Tun , a cutter suction dredger built by Guangzhou Wenchong Shipyard and operated by SDC Orient Dredging and Engineering. Other dredgers operating in the area appear to be barges fitted with clamshell dredgers. Alongside are a number of container ships, including one called Xing He Yuan 1 , which is owned by Taizhou Xinghe Shipping Co Ltd. The company's website highlights its expertise in dyke and pier construction.
ANALYSIS

Along with the Spratly Islands, the Paracels are at the heart of the continuing South China Sea (SCS) dispute. Whereas the Spratlys' location in the southern part of the SCS has previously limited Chinese activities there, the Paracels' proximity to Hainan island has meant Beijing has been able to expand its jurisdiction and administration of them. Woody Island has been a particular focus and, in July 2012, was designated the capital of Sansha Prefecture, which is part of Hainan province.

The moves to extend the runway and rebuild the harbour on the west side of the island will enhance Woody Island's utility as a military base from which to project power in the SCS. The Paracels' strategic location close to the centre of the SCS also means China can use them as a base for constabulary operations, whether that is enforcing fishing regulations unilaterally imposed by Beijing or to potentially interdict shipping traversing the region, where Beijing move to do this as part of a wider sea control strategy.

In the short to medium term, it is unlikely that China would move to do so, as the sea lanes in this part of the SCS serve its ports - such as Hong Kong and Shanghai - and as such freedom of passage is in China's interest.

Nuclear 'Command And Control': A History Of False Alarms And Near CatastrophesGlobally, there are thousands of nuclear weapons hidden away and ready to go, just awaiting the right electrical signal. They are, writes investigative reporter Eric Schlosser, a collective death wish — barely suppressed. Every one is an accident waiting to happen, a potential act of mass murder, he says.

"When it comes to nuclear command and control, anything less than perfection is unacceptable because of how devastatingly powerful these weapons are," Schlosser tells Fresh Air's Dave Davies.

Schlosser, best known for his book Fast Food Nation, spent six years researching America's nuclear weapons, interviewing many involved in developing defense policy and in maintaining and deploying weapons systems, and examining government documents.

His new book, Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety, is a critical look at the history of the nation's nuclear weapons systems — and a terrifying account of the fires, explosions, false attack alerts and accidentally dropped bombs that plagued America's military throughout the Cold War.

"One of the themes of my book is about how we are so much better at creating complex technological systems than we are at controlling them," he says.

"It's only since the Cold War ended that we've been able to find out how close we came, again and again, to having our own weapons detonate by accident, or potentially be stolen, or potentially be used by people without proper authorization."

Interview Highlights : On a B-52 bomber that accidentally dropped a bomb on North Carolina in 1962

This plane was on a routine flight. At that period, we had B-52 bombers in the air 24 hours a day ready to attack the Soviet Union. So this plane took off with two very powerful hydrogen bombs. And while it was flying, the pilot noticed that there was a weight imbalance and they needed to essentially dump their fuel and get back to the base.

While they were trying to get back to the base, the weight imbalance started to break apart the plane. As the B-52 bomber broke apart midair, the crew was evacuating, there was a lanyard in the cockpit, and it was the lanyard that one of the crew members would normally pull to release the hydrogen bombs. The centrifugal forces of the plane breaking apart pulled the lanyard as though [a] human being had pulled it.

Now, these bombs are dumb machines — and they didn't know the difference between a person pulling on the lanyard or centrifugal forces. So the bombs were released as though we were over enemy territory and at war.

One of those hydrogen bombs went through all of its proper arming steps except for one, and when it hit the ground in North Carolina, there was a firing signal sent. And if that one switch in the bomb had been switched, it would've detonated a full-scale — an enormous, enormous thermonuclear explosion — in North Carolina.

On a false alarm that the United States was under Soviet attack

Gripen capability to take off at road

25-08-2014 20:34 The combination of delta wing and canards gives the Gripen significantly better takeoff, landing performance and flying characteristics. The totally integrated avionics makes it a“programmable”aircraft. It also has an advanced electronic warfare unit, making it possible to load more ordnance onto the aircraft along with its self defence capabilities.
Gripen’s has an interesting ability to take off and land on public roads, which was part of Sweden’s war defence strategy.  The requirement of the Swedish Air Force was that the Gripen fighter should be able to land on public roads near military stores for quick maintenance, and take off again. As a result, the Gripen fighter can be refueled and re-armed quickly as per the requirement.Thus Gripen made sure that it didn’t require airstrips for landing and re-fueling thus making it an effective air combat aircraft during strategic warfare.
The Gripen is a single engine multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by the Swedish aerospace company Saab.  The Gripen was designed for performance, flexibility, effectiveness and high combat capability.
The new Gripen NG (Next Generation) has parts powered by General Electric F414G, a development of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet’s engine. Gripen’s Demo maiden flight was conducted on 27 May 2008 and the test flight lasted about 30 minutes with mach 1.2 speed and a maximum altitude of about 6,400 meters.

Sekedar sharing aja, mudah2an bermanfaat
Berikut ini tips dan triks kalo kita mau beli mobil bekas,...

1. Tujuan membeli mobil: tentukan jenis mobil yang akan dibeli berdasarkan penggunaannya. Misalkan, bila digunakan untuk menjemput anak sekolah, pilih mobil yang menawarkan ruang lega. Atau untuk keperluan transportasi kerja, pilih yang nyaman dan irit bahan bakar. Gaya hidup Anda juga berperan menentukan jenis mobil yang akan dibeli.
   
2. Tentukan fitur-fitur yang harus ada, seperti AC, aneka macam power, CD charger dll. Tulis semua dalam list. Termasuk pula fitur-fitur safety seperti rem ABS, airbag, child door lock, dll.
   
3. Hitung berapa besar kemampuan finansial untuk membeli mobil, termasuk uang muka dan pembayaran bulanan bila kredit.
   

Bila Anda sudah menentukan sejumlah tipe/model dan merek, analisa kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Anda bisa mendapatkan informasi dari teman yang pernah menggunakan mobil yang diincar. Bisa juga dari situs-situs otomotif dan klub-klub otomotif yang ada. Cari informasi sebanyak-banyaknya dari masing-masing merek itu termasuk resale value, performa, layanan perbaikan dan harga/ketersediaan komponennya. Dari sana Anda bisa menentukan mobil mana yang benar-benar sesuai.

Jika sudah memutuskan mobil mana yang akan dibeli, inilah rambu-rambunya:

1. Sebesar apapun keinginan, kepala harus tetap dingin. Tinggalkan penjual bila harga yang ditawarkan terlalu tinggi, meskipun mobil impian Anda sudah menunggu. Kemampuan negoisasi Anda akan terasah dengan berjalannya waktu.
   
2. Pastikan Anda tahu harga pasaran mobil yang diincar, dan mulailah menawar dibawah harga itu. Lebih mudah menaikkan tawaran Anda daripada menurunkannya. Informasi harga juga bisa didapat dari situs-situs otomotif.
   
3. Harus di ingat, membeli mobil bekas bisa juga membeli problem orang lain. Pastikan Anda mengetahui sejarah mobil ini termasuk perawatannya. Hal ini bisa diketahui dari kartu perawatan mobil. Gali informasi sedetail mungkin termasuk apakah pernah tenggelam, kecelakaan, turun mesin dll. Sebelum memutuskan untuk membelinya, mintalah mekanik ahli untuk memeriksanya.
   
4. Test drive itu penting. Usahakan Anda mendapat kesempatan melakukan test drive sejauh mungkin dengan aneka variasi jalan. Bisa juga mencoba ke daerah dimana mobil itu akan sering digunakan.
   
5. Cek Fisik Kendaraan
   
   • Body diusahakan memilih yang masih utuh, artinya blum kropos, nat-nat body masih lurus, nut=lekukan body mobil, kaleng/blum ada dempul yang melekat, dan kalo bisa orisinil cat) kalo menurut saya seh, mending mobil cat nya abis (mbladus) tapi orisinil, dari pada yang masih mengkilap tapi cat ulang+dempul tebal. nah knapa saya bilang dempul tebal kurang baek?? karena dempul bisa merubah nut yg kurang lurus menjadi sempurna. Kita pasti ndak tau apa di balik dempul itu, entah abis penyok, tabrakan dll.
   • Mesin diusahakan nyari mesin yang kerin (belum ada tetesan OLie/olie yg keluar dari perpak) kalo ada yg kuluar brarti kita harus turun mesin ganti packing tuh,,,dan nyari mesin yg halus (dalam artian kondisi ndak rusak) metal jalan, seker harus dicek. Untuk memastikan seh cukup geber mesin mobil dan liat aja dibagian knalpot kluar asap ndak?? Buka tutup mesin dan perhatikan apakah ada pipa yang bocor, belt yang aus, oli yang berceceran. Duduklah di kursi pengemudi, dan periksa apakah seluruh indikator bekerja baik, demikian pula lampu indikator. Periksa juga tanda-tanda kerusakan karena air (lihat tip cegah bencana susulan). Periksa sistem safety, mulai dari seat belt, head restrain, struktur atap, child seat anchor. Demikian pula jarak pandang dan daya pancar lampu utama. Hal itu bisa dilakukan saat test drive. Cobalah untuk mengendarai mobil pada kecepatan 60 – 80 km/jam dan rasakan apakah pergantian gigi bisa lembut, kemudi selalu lurus, ketika direm tetap stabil, dan ketika menikung juga smooth.
     
   • Kaki-kaki test dulu mobil untuk jalan, untuk belok full stir,,kalo udah bunyi kletek-kletek wahhh bakalan mahal tu benerinnya…
     
   • Interior nyari yang orisinilnya (jok/dashbord,dek pintu) misal udah di bungkus kulit si ndak papa, asal ga dilepas aslinya. selera juga sih..
     
   • Odometer sudah berapa kilometer-kah berjalan, tetapi jangan percaya begitu saja, karena odometer dapat diset ulang, nah ini yang seringkali kita tertipu, biasanya untuk melihat hal itu tidakterlalu susah, anda dapat melihat tahun kendaraan, dan dapat diperkirakan kalau kendaran ini sudah lari berapa Km, dan juga, kendaraan ini dulunya berfungsi sebagai apa, mobil angkut barang, antar jemput,dsb. Dari situ anda dapat menyimpulkan kondisi kendaran tersebut.
     
     
   
   
6. Sekarang tiba waktunya untuk menyiapkan pembayaran mobil baru Anda. Bila memilih melakukan kredit, yang paling aman adalah menentukan dulu berapa besar kemampuan keuangan untuk membayar angsuran bulanan. Cara yang gampang, angsuran tidak boleh lebih dari 20% penghasilan per bulan setelah dipotong pengeluaran. Perhitungkan juga biaya perawatan, pajak, asuransi dan operasional.
   
7. Bayarlah uang muka setidaknya 10% dari harga mobil. Kurang dari itu, penyedia kredit akan meragukan kemampuan finansial Anda. Jadi kalau Anda punya uang cash, lebih baik pakai untuk uang muka. Langkah ini juga akan mengurangi beban utang pokok yang berkaitan dengan angsuran bulanan